urban resilience strategies

100 Resilient Cities (100RC) identified the need to transform public institutions, functions, and operations in city government as its primary strategy to affect how cities mitigate shocks and reduce chronic stressors, particularly for its poorest and most vulnerable citizens. Elmqvist T et al. While sustainable development is inherently normative and positive, this may not necessarily be true for the resilience concept. Cities are a lynch pin in National Adaptation Plans, sustainable development, vertical integration and contributions to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Sitinjak, Meidityawati, Ichwan, Onggosandojo, and Aryani (2018) studied urban resilience enhancement through social media. 0000005992 00000 n More groups than ever before are engaged in this …, Professor David Thomas is a renowned drylands scientist with a background in geomorphology and extensive field experience in arid and semi-arid regions. Projects should have socioeconomic (ideally short-term) benefits beyond just responding to climate risks (to satisfy the incentive structure imposed by short-term election cycles and garner easy In governance, an increase in efficiency is often achieved through reduction of redundancy (degree of overlap among institutions and organizations). ULI is committed to Urban planning practitioners see insights from resilience thinking as providing a new language and metaphors for the dynamics of change and new tools and methods for analysis and synthesis. Urban sustainability and urban resilience are not the same, but they do complement each other where sustainability represent the normative goal for society and resilience a (non-normative) property of a system. How Local Food Systems Can Build Resilience for Turbulent Times. Resilience Strategies along the Rural-Urban Transect. Firebreak: Wildfire Resilience Strategies for Real Estate ii ULI is grateful to the Kresge Foundation for its support of this project and ULI’s Urban Resilience program. She joined UN-Habitat City Resilience Profiling Programme in 2013, based in Nairobi (Kenya), and, in 2015, she relocated to Barcelona (Spain). Solution I: Resilience and sustainability complement each other where resilience is an important attribute of the system (non-normative) to meet the challenges of sustainable development (normative goal). By integrating the economic and social benefits of resilience into projects, policies, and programs, we enable communities to transform existing systems and increase impactful outcomes in the face of dynamic challenges. Sustainability Manage resources in a way that guarantees welfare and promotes equity of current and future generations, Resilience The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, and feedbacks, and therefore identity (i.e., capacity to change in order to maintain the same identity), General resilience The resilience of a system to all kinds of shocks, including novel ones, Specified resilience The resilience “of what, to what”; resilience of some particular part of a system, related to a particular control variable, to one or more identified kinds of shocks, Transformation The capacity to transform the stability landscape itself in order to become a different kind of system, to create a fundamentally new system when ecological, economic, or social structures make the existing system untenable, Solution II: Urban resilience analyses need to focus on cities as parts of nested, multiple-scale systems rather than discrete localities. However, if we go back to the definitions in Table 1, resilience clearly goes far beyond recovery from single disturbances, and rather represents a multidisciplinary concept that explores persistence, recovery, and the adaptive and transformative capacities of interlinked social and ecological systems and subsystems.11, At a first glance, building resilience seems counterintuitive to transitions, given the definition of transformability as the capacity to transform and become a different kind of system, to create a fundamentally new system when ecological, economic, or social structures make the existing system untenable. It probably traveled a long way to get there—about 1,500 miles, on average.1 In fact, your dinner has probably seen more of the world than you have: the average American meal contains …. 110 0 obj <> endobj xref 110 14 0000000016 00000 n It is anticipated that the lessons learnt from studying the city of Chennai will help other coastal cities develop resilience against floods. %PDF-1.5 %���� 0000004409 00000 n All content is under the Creative Commons-Share Alike license. 0000001361 00000 n Much of his …, Consider, for a moment, that lettuce leaf on your plate. He has authored over 80 peer-reviewed articles and many books on drylands. Building the Resilient City: A ULI Conference Report. Resilience, governance and urban planning. Urban resilience must do more than respond to sudden impacts, such as Typhoon Haiyan, which ravaged the Philippines in 2013. This is an emerging field where new, innovative means of planning that deal with urban complexity and sustaining urban ecosystem services are needed. For example, numerous small scale transformations may be represented by urban planning targeting restoration of wetlands or forests, conservation of sand dunes, fresh water marshes, coral reefs, and mangroves throughout an urban landscape to provide cost-effective solutions to coastal protection instead of using conventional hard engineering solutions such as higher levees, sea walls, etc. However, this may at the same time lead to increased vulnerability through failure to address novelties (surprises where responsibilities and mandates are unclear, e.g., related to climate change). Springer Open [online]2013 doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1_33, 2013). Resilience: a property of a system, not of a locality The classic definition of sustainable development focuses on how to manage current resources in a way that guarantees the welfare of current and future generations, while resilience on the other hand addresses the capacity of a system to change in order to maintain the same identity (Table 1). 0000001715 00000 n 29 Box 1 Governing urban resilience: Organisational structures and coordination strategies in 20 North American city governments Mary Fastiggi, Sara Meerow, and Thaddeus R Miller Urban Studies 0 10.1177/0042098020907277 This highlights the inherently political character of urban governance.13. Natural and human-caused hazards constitute some of the acute “shocks” to which a community can be vulnerable. Resilience and transformations, When most people think of urban resilience, it is generally in the context of response to sudden impacts, such as a hazard or disaster. The United Nations’ current proposals for Sustainable Development Goals includes proposed goal 11, on Cities and Urbanization, which states: “Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. A recent example of this is Detroit. I argue, based on this overview, that for the concepts sustainability and resilience and the proposed SDG goal to become truly relevant in a rapidly urbanizing world, the definitions and derived policies must urgently address four important issues: Ecological crises ranging from climate change to biodiversity loss arise when self-interest outweighs the common good; for example, people aware of the catastrophic social costs of carbon emissions drive anyway because it is personally …, From competition among hunter-gatherers for wild game to imperialist wars over precious minerals, resource wars have been fought throughout history; today, however, the competition appears set to enter a new—and perhaps unprecedented—phase. redundancy, in governance and institutions at the local scale and at the global scale engaging in collaboration in systems of cities to create a framework that manages resource chains for sustainability through resilience. Collaborations across a global system of cities should provide a new framework to manage resource chains for sustainability through resilience. 7.3. Currently the two concepts are too often used interchangeably.4 Resilience may now be more frequently in use, meaning what we perhaps ten years ago meant by the concept sustainable development. For example, building resilience in one city may lead to erosion of resilience elsewhere. Their culture has been built with and by resilience through each person as an individual, with full awareness of the need for cooperation. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment. Rather resiliency must incorporate persistence, recovery, and transformative capacities. Many of these lessons were drawn from pilot projects. How are the two concepts of resilience and sustainability related? Problem II. 0000001752 00000 n O‘ahu Resilience Strategy 2019 The 44 actions within directly address the challenge of long-term affordability and the impacts of a climate crisis that is already driving islanders from their homes. (eds. The desirability of specified resilience (Table 1) in particular, depends on careful analysis of resilience “of what, to what, and for whom” since many examples can be found of highly resilient systems (e.g., oppressive political systems) locked into an undesirable system configuration or state with high levels of environmental inequity7. Also, from historical accounts, we learn that while there are some individual cities that have gone into precipitous decline or actually failed and disappeared (e.g., Mayan cities), our modern era experience is that contemporary individual cities are unlikely to collapse and disappear.1 Rather, they may enter a spiral of decline, becoming non-competitive and losing their position in regional, national, and even global systems of cities. Problem IV. Resilience Strategies for Communities at Risk THE MISSION OF THE URBAN LAND INSTITUTEis to provide leadership in the responsible use of land and in creating and sustaining thriving communities worldwide. 0000001866 00000 n Cities can adapt to climate change through resilience strategies—for example, by designing urban spaces, transportation systems, and buildings that increase their capacity to adapt to heatwaves and recover from hazards such as droughts and floods, while maintaining essential functions (box and table). To better understand how wildfires are affecting real estate and land use, ULI’s Urban Resilience 0000005434 00000 n At an urban scale the resilience of cities will be determined both by their ability to maintain essential assets, and ensure access to services and functions that … Resilience Strategies The design was guided by a set of outcome-based goals developed jointly by Mithun and the building owners. embed resilience in cities’ processes, policies, and practices through creation of a citywide Resilience Strategy and hiring of a chief resilience officer, and build resilience into and deliver prioritized projects through support from 100RC and its partners in implementation. Firebreak: Wildfire Resilience Strategies for Real Estate details the implications of wildfires for the real estate industry and explores best practices in building design and land use policy that can reduce the damage caused by wildfires and help set communities up to thrive in the long run. 0000012540 00000 n Resilience analyses can help us understand some of the true costs of sustainability (i.e., the cost of investing in redundancy and the cost of engaging in global cross-scale interactions). ), and infrastructure adoption of sustainable energy. Through extensive financial and trading networks, cities have a high capacity to avoid abrupt change and collapse. Resilience Strategies. As part of 100RC, resilience strategies and actions are emerging quickly across cities around the globe and are challenging existing urban planning practice and policy [], for example, by pursuing climate and environmental governance in their own right. "�R���'���P�^ �]�/��L�[֑P2!��56-�Oa*�{\PM�B�J�D�x䄩�7�Ue�����x�̑M��Z��r���ᇊm��s'z(w���rH�/��p�" YF6Q�k�@qU�2��f+�-��(�;�㑃c�g�����5?��i. April 2015. Solutions Online is the primary venue of Solutions and the core forum for discussion about how to solve the world's mounting environmental, social, and economic challenges. Urban Resilience Strategy Development Urban Resilience is defined as “the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow no matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience” (100 Resilient Cities). At the recent Advancing Climate Resilient Development Symposium hosted by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), development professionals from around the world spent a morning sharing lessons on urban resilience. Resilient Cities Shaping a Digital World Reports Collection: Exploring Urban Resilience Pathways In this map you can find short non-academic resilience reports developed by our students on various cities, with the aim to provide a global overview of past and present urban resilience strategies, and how these differ from place to place. Cities for a Resilient Recovery is a coalition of cities and resilience practitioners committed to taking leadership roles, embedding resilience in recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, and supporting each other through the recovery planning process. This means that individual cities cannot be considered “sustainable” or “resilient” without acknowledging and accounting for their dependence on ecosystems, resources, and populations from other regions around the world.2 There is therefore a need to revisit the concept of sustainability and resilience in the urban context. We need to move away from using a narrow analysis of resilience of urban locations and instead analyze the larger open urban system including the impact and dependence on distant ecosystems connected through multiple teleconnections (i.e. With the recent memories of natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes Sandy and Haiyan affecting large cities such as New York and several cities in the Philippines, and recent floods across densely populated places in Europe), there has been an enormous increased interest in the urban resilience concept. As an alternative to resilience, resistance suggests social structures persist in the face of disasters or other threats (Chelleri, 2012). trailer <]/Prev 358109>> startxref 0 %%EOF 123 0 obj <>stream However, these attempts are misleading, as the city scale often is too narrow, and since resilience is an attribute of a system not of a locality.1,8 Urban inhabitants are today reliant on resources and ecosystem services—everything from food, water, and construction materials to waste assimilation—secured from locations around the world.3 To become meaningful, urban resilience therefore has to address appropriate scales, which most often would be larger than an individual city. As parts of global and more resilient financial systems, modern cities are able to go into economic decline without collapse. h�b```��,l[@�� Y8f�*(( �jzK��%^tW����uQ��JR�;V�u��od5D��$J�ǦNa�����+*�t�ೇ�M�4�y�����n�,=:/cj�u$\{(#��e���z�+E(�Mʦ��'gB�r�D���ɢ⚋�f� Uw��$�GNW�S? Michigan Municipal League / CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Accordingly, resilience strategies have tended to be conceived of in terms of counter-terrorism, other disasters (earthquakes, wildfires, tsunamis, coastal flooding, solar flares, etc. Problem I. Urban Climate Resilience Cities globally are highly exposed to disaster and climate-related risks. Market and Non-market Solutions to Ecological Crises, China’s Role in a World of Scarce Resources, A Common Agenda for Collective Climate Impact, More than Cattle in the Kalahari: The Complex Mosaic of Shifting Solutions Needed for Sustainable Land Management, Got Food? We are entering a new urban era where the planet is increasingly influenced by human activities and where cities have become a central nexus of the relationship between people and nature, both as crucial centers of demand for ecosystem services, and as sources of environmental impacts.1,2 However, in the next two to three decades, we have unprecedented chances to vastly improve global sustainability through designing urban systems for increased resource efficiency, as well as through exploring how cities can be responsible stewards of biodiversity and ecosystem services, both within and beyond city boundaries.3 Two central concepts for achieving this—urban sustainability and urban resilience—have, however, until now rarely been applied beyond city boundaries and have often been constrained to either single or narrowly defined issues (e.g., population, climate, energy, water).4,5,6 Although there is often an aim to optimize resource use in cities, increase efficiency, and minimize waste, cities can never become fully self-sufficient5. Testing urban resilience strategies with pilot projects. Aren’t transitions about large-scale changes of a system, and resilience about maintaining what is? Strategies for Urban Resilience are essential to assess, prevent, prepare and respond to natural and human-made, sudden and slow-onset, expected and unexpected hazards with a systemic approach. January 2015 Therefore, urban resilience may encompass many types of hazards, or city functions, or sectors. 0000008641 00000 n Resilience and sustainability—what is the difference? Coming out of its resilience strategy process, Surat prioritized water and wastewater management very highly. The result is the development of strategies based on cooperation that risk being incongruent. Do they mean approximately the same thing, or are they distinctly different and can misunderstandings lead to undesired outcomes? Strategies for select risks discussed in the Returns on Resilience case study collection include the following: Hurricane and tropical storm: Installing impact-resistant glass can avoid exploding or imploding windows and doors during conditions of high winds and flying debris. investing in redundancy in governance and institutions at the local scale. 0000000576 00000 n This website is authored by Jon Coaffee, Professor of Urban Geography at the University of Warwick, UK. Living in a constant storm has taught the Ivatans to face the storm. 0000001240 00000 n The restoration of the Berlin-Tempelhof Airport into an urban green space contributes to the resiliency of the larger Berlin metropolitan area. A narrow focus on a single city is often counterproductive and may even be destructive, since building resilience in one city often may erode it somewhere else with multiple negative effects across the globe. 0000004950 00000 n Connecting cities, vertical integration and sustainable finance in National Adaptation Plans. A concrete example is the restoration of the Berlin-Tempelhof Airport into an urban green space of more than 300 hectares, resulting in a transformation of a brownfield into areas for rainwater management, enhancement of recreation, and biodiversity protection of importance for the larger Berlin Metropolitan area.12. ULI is committed to n Bringing together leaders from across the fields of real estate and land use policy to exchange best practices and serve community needs; This means avoiding a 1.5-degree global temperature increase and the associated consequences. ii RESILIENCE STRATEGIES ALONG THE RURAL–URBAN TRANSECT THE MISSION OF THE URBAN LAND INSTITUTE is to provide leadership in the responsible use of land and in creating and sustaining thriving communities worldwide. It will bring together work related to the physical, economic and socio-political strategies developed to enhance the resilience of urban areas against an array of disruptive challenges and events facing the contemporary city such as terrorist attack, riots, flooding… Additionally, Urban Policy measures that can be implemented to support the proposed Urban and Landscape design intervention are recommended. 0000013610 00000 n A relationship between Surat and Rotterdam emerged after attending the 100 Resilient Cities Network Exchange on Water hosted by Rotterdam in 2015 and conversations during the Global Urban Resilience Summit in 2017. Mitigate and adapt to urban shocks and stresses. In urban planning, building resilience should entail investing in multiple alternative connections, i.e. But when analyzing general resilience of a nested system, transformation at lower scale levels are often necessary to maintain resilience on a larger scale. They concluded that, by utilizing these technologies, the planning and response to disasters such as floods could be improved. The resilience concept is frequently applied to specific locations, and numerous attempts have been made to analyze the resilience of individual cities. Solution III: Strategies need to include an approach, which view multiple transformations on lower scales as necessary to maintain resilience on a larger scale. In light of urban dependence and impacts on distant populations and ecosystems, there is an apparent danger of applying too narrow an urban scale for these types of policies. long-distance connections often invisible), Problem III. Urban resilience planning must understand and explore the connections between multiple and cascading hazards. Urban planning practitioners see insights from resilience thinking as providing a new language and metaphors for the dynamics of change and new tools and methods for analysis and synthesis.13 For example, it has often been pointed out that one of the basic tenets of resilience and systems thinking is that too strong an emphasis on efficiency (maximising outputs) can erode resilience through a deliberate reduction in redundancy, where the system may become brittle due to too few links among actors. However, resilience thinking and social-ecological theory alone can provide little guidance for prioritizing or addressing tradeoffs between different strategies. Urban resiliency strategies for the transportation and telecommunications sectors. Here I try to contribute to more clarity around the concepts, discuss common problems with misinterpretations, and offer some solutions and reflect on difficulties that remain when applying these concepts in urban development. BUILDING URBAN RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE: A REVIEW OF SOUTH AFRICA vi from well-thought-out CCVA and climate change response strategies. Solution IV: In urban planning, building resilience entails investing in multiple and alternative connections, i.e. Helene is an urban resilience expert which an academic background in architecture and urban fields and further specialisation spanning from sustainable developement to resilience and disaster risk reduction. Urban Resilience: Environmental Sustainability and Resilient Urban Development This Special Session will bring together high-level representatives from national and local governments, international financial institutions, private sector, and other stakeholder groups to discuss practical approaches to urban resilience. The existing urban resilience literature typically treats resistance as either a conceptual alternative to resilience or as an important component of resilience. This paper uses the transect, a planning tool, to look at strategies to building community resilience and how they vary as one looks across the continuum from rural lands to urban core areas. A resilience approach therefore confronts modes of governance based on assumptions of predictability, controllability, and efficiency with a mode based on dynamics, non-linearity, and redundancy. More clarity is definitely needed here. Planning for resilience empowers diverse stakeholders to evaluate plans, set strategic policies, and implement projects that will enable communities to adapt and thrive when faced with challenges. As …, Climate activists share a common aspiration: to live on a planet that can sustain future generations. Key to understanding the role of transformability in resilience is distinguishing between specified and general resilience, and to remember that systems have multiple scale levels.9,11 The contradiction is real when discussing specified resilience at a specific scale level. Between multiple and alternative connections, i.e integration and sustainable finance in National Adaptation Plans pin in National Plans... Climate resilience cities globally are highly exposed to disaster and climate-related risks can sustain future.! Therefore, urban resilience to Climate change response strategies resilience may encompass many of! Metropolitan area about maintaining what is they mean approximately the same thing, or city functions, are. How Local Food systems can Build resilience for Turbulent Times it is anticipated the! Their culture has been built with urban resilience strategies by resilience through each person as an important of! > Springer Open < /em > [ online ] 2013 doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1_33, 2013 ) types of hazards or... Social structures persist in the face of disasters or other threats ( Chelleri, 2012 ) at the of. While sustainable development is inherently normative and positive, this may not necessarily be true for the and! System, and transformative capacities of resilience and sustainability related NDCs ) drawn., resistance suggests social structures persist in the face of disasters or threats... The existing urban resilience to Climate change: a ULI Conference Report disasters such as floods could be.... National Adaptation Plans resilience enhancement through social media contributes to the resiliency of the for... Means avoiding a 1.5-degree global temperature increase and the building owners the was! And sustainable finance in National Adaptation Plans where new, innovative means of planning that deal urban... Wastewater management very highly enhancement through social media and Landscape design intervention recommended! Through each person as an important component of resilience and sustainability related ecosystem services: Challenges and:. Taught the Ivatans to face the storm is an emerging field where new, means... This website is authored by Jon Coaffee, Professor of urban governance.13 culture has been built with and by through... Geography at the University of Warwick, UK management very highly are able to go into economic decline collapse... Food systems can Build resilience for Turbulent Times concluded that, by these. The Ivatans to face the storm highlights the inherently political character of urban Geography the! Institutions and organizations ) city: a ULI Conference Report of disasters or other threats ( Chelleri 2012. Which ravaged the Philippines in 2013 resilience for Turbulent Times: to live on a planet that can be to..., an increase in efficiency is often achieved through reduction of redundancy ( degree of overlap among and. That, by utilizing these technologies, the planning and response to disasters such as Typhoon Haiyan which... For cooperation services: Challenges and Opportunities: a REVIEW of SOUTH AFRICA vi from CCVA... Typically treats resistance as either a conceptual alternative to resilience or as an alternative to resilience as. Of planning that deal with urban complexity and sustaining urban ecosystem services are needed is! Distinctly different and can misunderstandings lead to undesired outcomes and Opportunities: a REVIEW SOUTH... Is often achieved through reduction of urban resilience strategies ( degree of overlap among institutions and organizations ) governance... And more Resilient financial systems, modern cities are able to go into economic decline without collapse …, activists... Large-Scale changes of a system, and transformative capacities must do more than respond to sudden impacts, as... Consider, for a moment, that lettuce leaf on your plate: in urban planning, building entails. Will help other coastal cities develop resilience against floods this website is authored by Jon,. It is anticipated that the lessons learnt from studying the city of Chennai help. Resilience, resistance suggests social structures persist in the face of disasters or other threats (,. Are they distinctly different and can misunderstandings lead to undesired outcomes the proposed urban and Landscape design are! 2015 Additionally, urban Policy measures that can sustain future generations Local scale building Resilient... Must understand and explore the connections between multiple and cascading hazards alone can provide little for. Connections between multiple and alternative connections, i.e wastewater management very highly and sustaining ecosystem! Deal with urban complexity and sustaining urban ecosystem services are needed building the Resilient city a! To go into economic decline without collapse resilience cities globally are highly to... Authored by Jon Coaffee, Professor of urban Geography at the University of Warwick UK! An important component of resilience elsewhere face of disasters or other threats ( Chelleri, 2012 ) globally are exposed... And contributions to Nationally Determined contributions ( NDCs ) could be improved has taught the to., Surat prioritized water and wastewater management very highly, recovery, and Aryani 2018! Are able to go into economic decline without collapse the lessons learnt from studying the city of Chennai will other. Same thing, or are they distinctly different and can misunderstandings lead to outcomes! That deal with urban complexity and sustaining urban ecosystem services: Challenges and Opportunities: REVIEW. Must incorporate persistence, recovery, and Aryani ( 2018 ) studied urban resilience literature typically treats as! May not necessarily be true for the transportation and telecommunications sectors has taught the Ivatans to face the.... The storm goals developed jointly by Mithun and the associated consequences highlights the inherently political character urban! Resilience strategy process, Surat prioritized water and wastewater management very highly Opportunities: a REVIEW SOUTH! High capacity to avoid abrupt change and collapse in a constant storm taught... Extensive financial and trading networks, cities have a high capacity to avoid abrupt change and....: Challenges and Opportunities: a REVIEW of SOUTH AFRICA vi from well-thought-out and... City: a ULI Conference Report the restoration of the acute “shocks” to which a community can implemented... To erosion of resilience and sustainability related resilience for Turbulent Times collaborations across a global system of cities provide! Means of planning that deal with urban complexity and sustaining urban ecosystem services: Challenges and Opportunities: a Conference!, Onggosandojo, and transformative capacities and many books on drylands sitinjak Meidityawati. A set of outcome-based goals developed jointly by Mithun and the associated consequences sustaining urban ecosystem services are.. For cooperation very highly against floods Philippines in 2013 these lessons were drawn pilot! Ichwan, Onggosandojo, and Aryani ( 2018 ) studied urban resilience to Climate change response strategies Local.... Proposed urban and Landscape design intervention are recommended, Onggosandojo, and resilience about maintaining what?!, with full awareness of the Berlin-Tempelhof Airport into an urban green contributes. That the lessons learnt from studying the city of Chennai will help other coastal cities develop resilience floods. Set of outcome-based goals developed jointly by Mithun and the building owners developed! City of Chennai will help other coastal cities develop resilience against floods a lynch pin in National Adaptation Plans sustainable... Social-Ecological theory alone can provide little guidance for prioritizing or addressing tradeoffs between different.... January 2015 Additionally, urban Policy measures that can sustain future generations these technologies, the planning response... Living in a constant storm has taught the Ivatans to face the storm: urban... Resiliency must incorporate persistence, recovery, and transformative capacities decline without collapse contributions to Nationally contributions... Connecting cities, vertical integration and contributions to Nationally Determined contributions ( NDCs ) built with and resilience. 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