Fungal structures: hyphae (mycelium), sclerotia, apothecia, and ascospores. Injury to the flower head is necessary for infection. Fortunately, ornamental sunflower and oilseed sunflower are the same species, and thus genetic advances made with oilseed germplasm can be readily transferred to ornamentals, if the need arises. It is more severe in the rabi season and causes a considerable yield reduction whenever it appears in early stages of crop growth. Spraying of benomyl at 0.1% two times at the budding and at early flowering stage give better control of the disease. The scientists’ efforts have resulted in better understanding of individual diseases and underline their significance in the improvement of sunflower management. 1997) including French (CETIOM 2015), Portuguese (Leite 1997), Serbo-Croatian (Maric et al. Charcoal Rot Disease 7. Which organelle is known as “power house” of the cell? Most oilseed and confectionary hybrids have good to excellent resistance to most races of rust. An account of important sunflower pests is discussed for brief understanding low yield of sunflower crop in Pakistan. Charcoal Rot Disease 7. Septoria leaf blight In 2005, a high of 96,000 acres were planted. Sunflower pest and disease control measures Among the pests of sunflower in the period of seed germination, the larvae of click beetles, the wireworm, the dark beetle beetles, and the pollen eaters, are the most dangerous ones. Head Rot Disease. Application of balanced dose of NPK fertilizers reduces the infection, as the high incidence of the disease may be due to high nitrogen and low phosphorus and potassium. Crop rotation of 3-4 years helps to reduce disease. Shallow sowing (3 cm) is desirable to minimize the disease incidence. Gulya TJ, 2000. Most diseases commonly affecting sunflowers in this region are caused by fungi, and are generally more severe in irrigated production. Sunflowers offer the gardener both beautiful yellow flowers and seeds that have many uses. Frequent irrigation upto 25 days after sowing or water stagnation due to unseasonal rains induces higher disease incidence in susceptible cultivars /hybrids. Sclerotinia Wilt and Rot Disease 8. Normally, gray sunflower seed weevil populations are too low to cause economic damage. Privacy Policy3. The correlation between increase in disease intensity (25-96%) and reduction in yield components and oil content is negative. Infected plant debris of the previous crop season should be removed and destroyed from the field. Wide plant spacing allows air movement within crop canopy thus hastening drying of the soil and reduces the chances of infections to sunflower stalks and flower heads by ascospores. runvonii, H. petiolaris ssp. Presence of six genetically distinct groups was observed among 21 isolates of A. helianthi by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. • Sunflower rust is specific to sunflowers (cultivated and wild) • Economic losses can be devastating in epidemics • Fungicide threshold = 1 percent severity on upper leaves at or before bloom (R5) • Found in all U.S. Great Plains states • Can be confused with soil splashed on lower leaves or other foliar diseases. Necrosis occurrence was more during July-September and January-March sowings, whereas it was low during October-December sown crops. Border crop like sorghum/pearl millet /maize in 5-7 rows (30 cm apart) has to be grown around sunflower crop which attracts the thrips population and also obstructs the wind borne thrips and inoculum carrying pollen grains of Parthenium from landing on sunflower plants. Seed treatment with carbendazim at 0.1% or thiophanate-methyl 0.1% or thiram 0.25% are found to be effective for the control of the disease. This fungus can cause collar rot in the seedling stage. The major diseases include rust, downy mildew, Verticil-lium wilt, Sclerotinia stalk and head rot, charcoal rot, blight and leaf spot. The losses in yield were reported to be 2-25%. These structures germinate and infect stalks and roots directly as mycelium. Bacterial diseases; Apical chlorosis Pseudomonas syringae pv. In corn they may be controlled with and are sensitive to applied or residual Atrazine. Hyperparasite Cicinnobolus cesatii is often found to parasitize the conidial stage of the mildew. Screening of thirty two Helianthus species against A. helianthi revealed resistant reaction in nine species viz., H. maximiliani, H. mollis, H. divaricatus, H. simulans, H. occidentalis, H. pauciflorus, H. decapetalus, H. resinosus and II. There appear to be three major considerations for determining crop sequence with sunflower: 1) control of volunteer sunflower, 2) control of insects and diseases, and 3) effect of sunflower on the following crop. Sclerotinia head and stalk rots of sunflower are caused by a fungus known as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.This fungus is able to infect a wide range of field crops including soybeans, beans, canola and lupines as well as various vegetable crops. Share. Spore production and infection continue to occur. Application of wettable sulphur 0.2% or karathane 0.2% or propiconazole 0.1% or difenoconazole 0.05% three times at 15 days interval effectively controls the disease. This section identifies many of the diseases affecting sunflower crops and provides information about the disease, its impact, and control measures. Wet soil conditions and temperature > 27°C were detrimental for survival of sclerotia, however dry soil at 5°C are favourable for sclerotial survival and viability and they can survive for 2-3 years in soil. Most of the recently released hybrids are resistant to downy mildew, while, many varieties are susceptible. Tweet. White mold, also known as Sclerotinia wilt, is caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) The fungus survives as sclerotia or mycelium in infected plant residue and soil. Sclerotinia disease of sunflower: A devastating pathogen. Susceptibility of the flower head is increased as its age advances. Early planting of sunflower during kharif season results in low occurrence of leaf spot. Most diseases commonly affecting sunflowers in this region are caused by fungi, and are generally more severe in … The main step in protecting sunflowers from pests is to keep the field free of weeds and debris. Metalaxyl fungicide i.e., APRON 35 ES was found to be highly effective in reducing the incidence of downy mildew disease, even in sick plot conditions, when seeds were treated with the chemical at 105 g a.i./100 kg (3 ml / kg of seed). The thrips could carry 20-200 pollen grains over their body externally thus helping in spreading the inoculum and causing the disease. The most common Sunflower pests include the following; Sunflower Beetles – These feed on the leaf foliage and in small numbers or older plants may seldom hurt the Sunflower plants. The disease also causes lodging that incurs indirect loss. As the disease progresses, the fungus can colonize most of the seed head with white mycelium and brown necrotic areas. The growth of plants also enhances in amended soil, so the plants become less susceptible to the disease. Clean cultivation and removal of volunteer sunflower plants carrying infection reduces the primary inoculum. 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